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PAPER-02.TXT
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1991-04-28
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2400 White Paper
EXPANDING THE 2400 BPS OPTION FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.
705 Westech Drive
Norcross, Georgia 30092
INTRODUCTION
From its earliest days, personal computer data communications
has constantly changed and moved forward with ever increasing
emphasis on higher speed and improved features. New standards have
been developed or have evolved and new products have been developed
implementing these standards. Nothing has remained still.
The standards themselves, while constant in the early stages
of implementation, have even undergone change or have been abandoned
in favor of more applicable standards for current needs. The dynamic
nature of data communications compels the developer of technology to
constantly seek to refine and expand products and techniques.
And, now, the options for 2400 bps communications are
continuing to expand to meet the ever growing requirements of more
sophisticated, demanding users.
ACCEPTANCE OF THE V.22BIS STANDARD
The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee (CCITT) V.22bis standard employed for 2400 bps, full-duplex
modem communications over the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) was recommended by the international standards in 1984. Since
that time it has become widely employed by modem manufacturers around
the world.
The precursor to today's CCITT V.22bis standard for 2400 bps
communications was Bell 201C.
Bell 201C suffered from several limitations, the most
prominent being it was a half-duplex standard in a world that was
going steadily toward full-duplex transmission for personal computer
communications. Bell 201C modems implemented Phase Shift Keying
(DPSK) which is more ideally suited to 1200 bps full-duplex
communications. These modems also required expensive leased lines
for operation.
In order for communications to move forward, a standard to
facilitate full-duplex 2400 bps communications over the PSTN was
needed.
V.22BIS AND QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The solutions to the Bell 201C problems arrived with the
publication of the CCITT V.22bis recommendation.
DPSK only provided recognition of phase shifts of the analog
signal and in order to step up to 2400 bps full-duplex transmission,
a method for recognizing amplitude shifts in combination with phase
shifts was necessary. CCITT V.22bis provided recognition of both
amplitude modulation and phase shifts through Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM).
QAM was actually an enhancement or addition to DPSK that
enabled personal computer communications to evolve and migrate to its
next, feature enhanced level. Now, by implementing CCITT V.22bis
standards, modem manufacturers could increase the capabilities of
their products to include full-duplex 2400 bps communications.
A bonus to users which helped increase the popularity of
these new 2400 bps modems was their ability to communicate accurately
over the PSTN. Costly leased lines were no longer necessary and the
one-time price of the modems could be easily justified from a
business standpoint when compared to a repetitive monthly leased line
charge. And, since the new modems communicated at twice the speed of
1200 bps products, connect time was cut in half for considerable
reduction of long distance charges.
The trend toward implementing changes to enhance the
performance of communications was continuing and, as with its 300 bps
and 1200 bps products, Hayes helped promote and support standards by
introducing the Smartmodem 2400 in 1984 and Smartmodem 2400B in 1985.
Both modems are CCITT V.22, V.22bis and Bell 103/212A compatible.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES BRING MORE FEATURES
Advances in technology have allowed the introduction of new
features into modems.
New 2400 bps products offered adaptive equalization, improved
self testing, and call progress monitoring to further enhance their
popularity. As the users became more sophisticated and grew
accustomed to the features they had, they demanded more.
The most requested new features are error-control, data
compression, and automatic feature negotiation capabilities.
HAYES V-SERIES SYSTEM PRODUCTS
Hayes has developed a series of four high speed dial-up
modems and an enhancement product for use with existing Hayes
external modems that implement the following advanced features:
- Error-Control - Implementation of the LAPB link level
portion of X.25 and Asynchronous Framing Technique (AFT) allows
point-to-point error-control, supports international standards, and
provides a migration path to X.25 or other synchronous
communications.
Adaptive Data Compression - Increased throughput typically
provides twice the data transfer and lowers both transmission costs
and connect time.
Automatic Feature Negotiation - Analyzes all options
available for modem link and selects combination that maximizes data
transmission and efficiency.
V-series Smartmodem 2400, V-series Smartmodem 2400B, V-series
Smartmodem 9600, V-series Smartmodem 9600B, and V-series Modem
Enhancer provide all of these advanced features in addition to
standard modem features available in current Hayes modems.
ERROR-CONTROL
In order to have a high speed feature, there must be some
form of error-control to instruct the modem to re-transmit a block of
data if the data has errors in it.
Rather than use a proprietary error-control method, Hayes
selected the LAPB link level portion of X.25 for a variety of
reasons. First, it allows point-to-point error-control. Second, it
represents support for an existing, widely used international
standard that is versatile. Finally, it provides a logical migration
path for future products with full implementation of X.25.
The CCITT X.25 protocol uses bit-oriented synchronous
communications to provide error-control, bidirectional communications
service to communicating applications. The CCITT has adopted a
policy for maintaining the dynamic nature of X.25 by enhancements to
the protocol in 1980 and 1984.
The V-series system products can also coordinate link setup
using synchronous LAPB with the Asynchronous Framing Technique (AFT).
AFT is an asynchronous augmentation for any bit-synchronous protocol
such as LAPB, LAPD, or IBM's SDLC. It part of the link level of the
synchronous protocol and brings error-control operation to
asynchronous transmission links.
The migration of communications that is enhanced by the
V-series system products and their features is taking communications
more and more toward the higher speed, synchronous, and eventually,
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) environments.
ADAPTIVE COMPRESSION
Other features evolved as modem manufacturers looked for ways
to "squeeze" more performance over the PSTN out of modem technology.
One such feature was data compression. By using algorithms
to compress the data, 2400 bps modems can improve their actual data
throughput and potentially provide data transfer benefits as high as
4800 bps transmission. Similarly, a 1200 bps modem using data
compression may get up to 2400 bps of effective throughput and
provide its user with a high speed benefit at a lower speed price.
Greater throughput is not just a function of a modem's speed.
The combination of adaptive data compression with any modem increases
the effective throughput typically two-to-one. This is particularly
useful when dealing with high volume data transmissions.
All V-series system products can adapt dynamically to match
the type of data being compressed and sent. The modems build and
constantly update compression tables to typically accomplish a
two-to-one compression for normal text, data, and spreadsheet files.
This method also ensures that an expansion of files never occurs if
other compression algorithms are being used.
This Hayes-developed algorithm allows the V-series system
products to typically achieve throughput at 4800 bps or 19,200 bps
respectively for 2400 bps and 9600 bps Hayes modems.
AUTOMATIC NEGOTIATION
The ability to automate communications was one of the driving
forces behind the success of the Hayes Smartmodem 300 when it was
introduced in 1981. As features in modems have increased in
complexity, the need to continue to provide the user with a product
that is easy to use is still vitally important.
By providing automatic negotiation capability, modems conduct
and coordinate activities among themselves. By negotiating certain
features among themselves (transmission speed, asynchronous versus
synchronous, error-control, etc.) modems can improve the quality of
communications and lower the involvement level required of their
users to eliminate potential frustrations. And, since 2400 bps
modems can communicate with each other so rapidly, they can
independently handle this function more swiftly than it could be
handled by a user.
By providing automatic feature negotiation, the V-series
system products automate a significant portion of the communications
session.
Intelligent features resident in the V-series system products
maximize the obtainable transmission speed from the receiving modem.
This is done automatically during their "handshake" when the V-series
system products originate a call. If one of the modems is not a
V-series system modem, the connecting V-series system modem will
recognize this fact and shift to a compatible mode of operation.
This type of adaptability is evident in all Hayes modems. For
example, the Smartmodem 2400 upon originating a call to any 1200 bps
modem will "recognize" that the remote modem operates at 1200 bps and
fall back to a compatible speed for data transmission.
Once the "handshake" has been completed, the negotiation of
link parameters such as transmission mode (asynchronous, AutoSync, or
synchronous), asynchronous transparency mode, compression, and method
of error-control is conducted. If a non-V-series system modem is
either the originating or receiving modem, the V-series system modem
will recognize this and make the necessary adjustments. If the
receiving modem is a V-series system modem, the connection will be
completed enabling the maximum available features including highest
speed, synchronous, adaptive data compression, and error-control.
The inclusion of the V-series Modem Enhancer in this segment
of the Hayes product line is extremely important to the installed
base of Hayes external modem users. By providing the V-series system
features to existing Hayes external modems, this enhancement product
upgrades modems already in use and helps businesses add features to
current products, extend the useful life of those products, and take
advantage of emerging technology without purchasing new modems.
THE HAYES COMMITMENT
Hayes recognizes the necessity of change and will endeavor to
adapt its products to the needs of users in the future. At
the same time, the company is committed to supporting the
large installed base of data communications equipment in use
It is our intention to promote the advancement of personal
computer communications through new products and adherence to
open, international standards. We will continue our progress
with a commitment to move forward without abandoning
established, viable communications options that exist and we
will innovate to provide users requested features where
standards do not exist.